Does zyn affect male fertility - Causes of male infertility. Many things can cause infertility in men (see below). ). But sometimes doctors can’t find any cause. This is sometimes called unexplained infertility. Sperm disorders. The most common reason of male infertility is a problem with your sperm. It may be that: you don't have enough sperm in your semen

 
Male fertility significantly decreased in the last 50 years, as showed in several studies reporting a reduction of sperm counts per ml in the seminal fluid. Several “acute” pharmacological treatments, as antibiotics, could cause subclinical and temporary reduction of male fertility; conversely, long-term medical treatment may severely .... Mclennan county active inmate list

While hydrocele itself does not directly affect fertility, it can have an indirect impact on a man's ability to father a child. In some cases, hydrocele may be associated with an underlying condition that can cause infertility. For example, hydrocele can be a symptom of an infection or inflammation in the reproductive system, such as ...Jul 16, 2021 · How Zinc Affects a Woman’s Fertility. In women, zinc plays a vital role in many key reproductive health areas including: Egg production: a woman’s body needs a certain amount of zinc to produce mature eggs that are ripe for fertilization. Maintaining proper follicular fluid levels: without enough fluid in the follicles, an egg cannot travel ... Background: Some evidence suggests that diabetes mellitus type 1 (DM1) could affect male fertility, gonadal axis, semen parameters, and spermatogenesis because of effects of hyperglycemia and insulin deficiency. Anyhow, the exact impact of DM1 on male fertility is unclear. Objectives: To review the studies evaluating paternity rate, male gonadal …Zinc helps carry out the function effectively. While all of this might be attained, there does need to be a substantial amount of egg production within the body in the first place. These ought to be mature and healthy so that a sperm can fertilize them successfully. Zinc helps in maintaining proper egg quality too. 2.base meals on higher fibre starchy foods like potatoes, bread, rice or pasta. include some lower-fat dairy or dairy alternatives (such as soya drinks and yoghurts) eat some beans, pulses, fish, eggs, meat and other protein. Having a body mass index (BMI) above 29 may reduce fertility. If you're overweight and trying for a baby, you should try ...In monkeys: no effects on male fertility at doses up to 10 times the clinical dose. No effect on semen parameters and gonadal steroids after 12 months of treatment (16 men). Possible transient haematological anomalies in infants born to mothers exposed to other anti-CD20 B-cell-depleting antibodies during pregnancy.Calcium channel blockers, tricyclic antidepressants, anti-androgens, opioids and other medications can contribute to fertility issues. Anabolic steroids and other illicit drugs can have the same effect. Watch out for toxins. Exposure to pesticides, lead and other toxins can affect sperm quantity and quality. If you must work with toxins, do so ...A variety of medical conditions can affect the female reproductive system and cause infertility in women. Examples include: ovulation disorders, which can be caused by polycystic ovary syndrome ...5α-reductase inhibitors. • Decrease in sperm count in around 5% of men 27. • Sexual adverse effects (ED, diminished sexual desire, ejaculatory dysfunction) in up to 15% of men 39. α-Blockers ...Zyn, a widely known brand of nicotine pouches marketed as a safer substitute for smoking, has recently come under scrutiny due to its potential negative impact on sexual health, particularly in men. This article delves into the relationship between Zyn and erectile dysfunction, shedding light on the concerning effects it can …Low levels of zinc may affect the good production of these hormones, as well as testosterone levels [6]. 2. Zinc and fertility. It has also been shown that zinc plays a significant role in the male reproductive system [7,8,9,10]. It was reported that fertile groups had higher levels of zinc in comparison to infertile groups.Epilepsy affects the central nervous systems and allows abnormal activity within the brain. This disease affects men and women and does not seem to be more prevalent in any particu... Role of Zinc in male reproductive Functioning: Studies have indicated that the fertility boosting effects of Zinc extend to Male fertility as well. In fact Zn microelement is very essential for male fertility. It helps the development of gonads and normal growth, act as key factor in prostate gland function, increase testosterone production and ... Abstract. Infertility affects about 8% to 12% of couples, with male infertility being responsible for about 30% of cases. Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are known to cause complications of pregnancy and are associated with tubal infertility in females, but the association with male fertility is still controversial.It is without a doubt that zinc ion (Zn 2+) has an irreplaceable role in male fertility in both lower and higher-order animals. In the late 50 s, researchers observed …Abstract. Infertility affects about 8% to 12% of couples, with male infertility being responsible for about 30% of cases. Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are known to cause complications of pregnancy and are associated with tubal infertility in females, but the association with male fertility is still controversial.In fact, some researchers have even looked into it as a form of birth control ( 1 ). The good news for women asking “If my husband takes testosterone injections can I still get pregnant?”. The answer is yes. Plenty of men with low testosterone are able to have kids, even while being treated for low T.The best lawn fertilizer depends on the condition of the soil, the kind of grass, and your personal preferences. Today's Home Owner shares our recommendations. Expert Advice On Imp...Loss of libido can affect people of any gender and sexuality. But whether it's a problem for you depends on how long your low sex drive lasts, how severe it is, and whether it affe...Fertilizing Bromeliads - Bromeliads, depending on their plant type, may occasionally need to be fertilized. Learn the fertilizing requirements for these plants. Advertisement Activ...The level of Zn in fertile men was 14.08± 2.01 and in the infertile group was 10.32±2.98 ( mg /100 ml) ( 6 ). There are many reports that showed reduction or …Age, gender and cholesterol can effect your health. Learn more about your age, gender and cholesterol level at Discovery Health. Advertisement In both men and women, blood choleste...Although excessive masturbation does not cause infertility in men and women, it does have its challenges. Knowing how to recover from excessive masturbation can help individuals have a happier and more fulfilling life. Here are some ways in which to reduce excessive masturbation: Avoid watching pornography.Fertility is lower in men with epilepsy compared to men without epilepsy. It has been shown that epilepsy itself results in subfertility; however it is also clear that anti-seizure medication (ASM) may play a role, particularly valproate (VPA). The mechanism by which VPA exerts its effects on male fertility is poorly understood.Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) predominantly affects young adults. Fertility-related issues are therefore important in the management of patients with IBD. However, relatively modest attention has been paid to reproductive issues faced by men with IBD. To investigate the effects of IBD and its treatment on male fertility, we …The results showed that the administration of glymeride, pumpkin flour, porang flour and their combination had a significant effect on reducing blood sugar (p=0.000) and sperm motility (p=0.000 ...Of note, in both young and aged men, prostatic diseases or an unhealthy prostate gland can directly affect male fertility via alteration of both the gland's metabolic status and, either partially ...Why using the terms interchangeably isn't accurate. Like humans, plants need certain nutrients in order to survive. So if you have a plant, and it doesn’t exactly look like it’s th...Oct 2, 2018 · Understanding the mechanisms in which Ca deficiency can affect sperm function and fertility is a matter of utmost importance. Although different studies have demonstrated decreased level of Ca, in semen of infertile men, mechanisms of Ca, deficiency on male infertility are not well-considered. Where a male partner is a carrier of HIV, their semen sample must be washed before being used in any fertility treatment in order to get rid of potential virus particles. Where a female partner is a carrier of HIV, there is a risk of vertical transmission. This is where the HIV infection is transmitted by the mother to her baby during …How Inguinal Hernia Affects Male Fertility. While inguinal hernias can seem relatively harmless in cases of little to no discomfort, they can alter the blood and lymph drainage in the scrotum, a narrow area around the testicles, and can ultimately interfere with sperm production. If left untreated, inguinal hernias can also lead to reduced ...Male Infertility and Bacterial Infections. The effect of bacterial infection on reproductive system function is important. Various bacteria have been isolated and identified from the male reproductive system, including Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Ureaplasma urealyticum, C. trachomatis, N. gonorrhoeae, Streptococcus …Cause of male fertility. Male reproductive health is as essential as general health since general health influences fertility and sperm quality directly or indirectly [], which are influenced by the hypothalamic-pituitary–testicular (HPT) axis [] (Fig. 1).Infertility is the inability to achieve conception after at least a year of adequate, unprotected …Zinc and fertility go together like bees and honey. Zinc is the most important mineral and antioxidant in pregnancy and preconception. It is required for fetal growth and development of muscles and bones. It reduces the risk of stretch marks, perineal tears, cracked nipples and it is necessary for immune function and brain formation.Jul 3, 2018 · Accumulation of toxic heavy metals (lead, mercury, cadmium) in testicular tissue can also affect male fertility as does the low zinc level in sperm cells . Researchers from the University of Newcastle discovered three times more DNA damages in the spermatocytes of men aged 36-57 than in those younger than 35 . Lifestyle also affects male ... In contrast, Zn deficiency impedes spermatogenesis and is a reason for sperm abnormalities and has a negative effect on serum testosterone concentration. Based on …Biological alterations in reproductive physiology may account for sub-fertility in patients infected with HIV. Psychosocial factors in patients with HIV infection may affect reproductive desires and outcomes. Antiretroviral medications may have direct toxicity on gametes and embryos. Available evidence indicates that fertility treatments can be ...The best lawn fertilizer depends on the condition of the soil, the kind of grass, and your personal preferences. Today's Home Owner shares our recommendations. Expert Advice On Imp...Results. Our results show a significant increase in the number of abnormal sperm morphology after nicotine exposure, when compared to control groups ( p < 0.05). …Cancers and nonmalignant tumors can affect the male reproductive organs directly, through the glands that release hormones related to reproduction, such as the pituitary gland, or through unknown causes. In some cases, surgery, radiation or chemotherapy to treat tumors can affect male fertility. Undescended testicles.Diagnosing male infertility problems usually involves: General physical examination and medical history. This includes examining your genitals and asking questions about any inherited conditions, chronic health problems, illnesses, injuries or surgeries that could affect fertility. Your doctor might also ask about your sexual habits …Different studies have demonstrated that smoking decreases total sperm concentration and sperm motility. Research has shown that heavy male smokers were shown to have a 29% decrease in total sperm count and a 13% decrease in sperm motility compared to non-smoking males. For some couples seeking fertility treatment, smoking has played a …Abstract. Infertility affects about 8% to 12% of couples, with male infertility being responsible for about 30% of cases. Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are known to cause complications of pregnancy and are associated with tubal infertility in females, but the association with male fertility is still controversial.Abstract. Many studies have reported that the contents of cigarette smoke negatively affect sperm parameters, seminal plasma, and various other fertility factors. Nevertheless, the actual effect of smoking on male fertility is not clear. The effect of smoking on semen parameters is based on the well-established biological finding that …Introduction. The previously debated male fertility decline is no longer controversial. Multiple corroborating studies have confirmed a fall in sperm counts and semen quality in men in the Western hemisphere over the last several decades (1,2).This decline cannot alone be attributed to obesity, illicit substance use, smoking rates, and …Male fertility significantly decreased in the last 50 years, as showed in several studies reporting a reduction of sperm counts per ml in the seminal fluid. Several “acute” pharmacological treatments, as antibiotics, could cause subclinical and temporary reduction of male fertility; conversely, long-term medical treatment may severely ...Studies have not found a definitive connection between caffeine and lowered fertility in men. While the current research does not clearly show a negative impact on fertility in women, the studies that have shown an effect find that less than 200 mg of caffeine does not present problems for most people. However, excessive caffeine …Zinc helps carry out the function effectively. While all of this might be attained, there does need to be a substantial amount of egg production within the body in the first place. These ought to be mature and healthy so that a sperm can fertilize them successfully. Zinc helps in maintaining proper egg quality too. 2.Here are ways to increase selenium for better sperm health: 1. Supplementation. One of the male fertility supplements you should take is Selenomethionine, the organic form of selenium. Selenomethionine is a good form of selenium for supplementation. 2.Mar 2, 2016 · It affects the stability of sperm chromatin 16. ... Foresta, C. et al. Role of zinc trafficking in male fertility: from germ to sperm. Hum Reprod 29, 1134–45 (2014). Higher levels of lead (Pb) were also observed in serum and semen of both fertile and infertile smokers.19,20 In the animal study, Pb exposure decreased alkaline phosphatase and Na +-K +-ATPase activity with a dose effect indicating that Pb could impair sperm motility.21 The relationship between Pb exposure and male fertility in general ...Nov 12, 2019 · Men had a mean body mass index (weight (kg)/height (m) 2) of 29.8 and mean systolic and diastolic blood pressures of 127 and 78 mm Hg, respectively. Male participants were predominantly white (81.7%) and employed (72.2%), and most had more than high school education (83.1%); 43.2% had annual household incomes of at least $75,000. A couple of different ways that smoking can affect fertility for men - particularly sperm count (the number of sperm) and sperm quality (sperm’s ability to move and fertilize eggs). In addition, smoking can lead to erectile dysfunction - making it harder to get or maintain an erection). According to the Journal of Andrology, men are about ...For men, aging can affect the quality of their sperm, including the motility, morphology (shape) and concentration, which then makes it more difficult for sperm to fertilize an egg. Men also ...In monkeys: no effects on male fertility at doses up to 10 times the clinical dose. No effect on semen parameters and gonadal steroids after 12 months of treatment (16 men). Possible transient haematological anomalies in infants born to mothers exposed to other anti-CD20 B-cell-depleting antibodies during pregnancy.Cyclosporine is used to improve graft survival in organ transplants but may have a detrimental effect on male fertility. Be careful with herbal remedies. Several popular herbal preparations probably should be added to the list of substances to avoid if you want to protect your fertility. Although many people believe that because herbs are ...Intracellular zinc can also regulate calcium release in cardiac cells [ 27 ]. For male fertility, zinc levels are high in the testes, and zinc transporters are expressed in different regions of the epididymis [ 28, 29 ]. Further, zinc deficiency is correlated with decreased male fertility [ 30, 31 ].Fertilizing Bromeliads - Bromeliads, depending on their plant type, may occasionally need to be fertilized. Learn the fertilizing requirements for these plants. Advertisement Activ...Infertility is usually defined as the inability of a couple to conceive even after one year of unprotected, frequent sexual intercourse.[1] It affects about 15% of all couples in the United States and at least 180 million worldwide.[2] Male infertility is defined as the inability of a male to make a fertile female pregnant, also for a minimum of at least one …Diagnosing male infertility problems usually involves: General physical examination and medical history. This includes examining your genitals and asking questions about any inherited conditions, chronic health problems, illnesses, injuries or surgeries that could affect fertility. Your doctor might also ask about your sexual habits …It also directly affects your fertility. For women, zinc is important in helping your body utilize the reproductive hormones, oestrogen, and progesterone. A deficiency can lead to hormone imbalance, abnormal ovarian development, and menstrual irregularity. When your body is low in zinc it also inhibits the metabolism of protein, which in turn ...Low levels of zinc may affect the good production of these hormones, as well as testosterone levels [6]. 2. Zinc and fertility. It has also been shown that zinc plays a significant role in the male reproductive system [7,8,9,10]. It was reported that fertile groups had higher levels of zinc in comparison to infertile groups.May 24, 2022 · Vitamin E. Iron. Omega-3 Fatty Acids. Selenium. Zinc. Food is important for all aspects of life, and fertility is no exception. Our bodies get the vitamins and minerals we need from our daily diet, and creating a new life­—which is exactly what fertility health is all about—also requires micronutrients. Intracellular zinc can also regulate calcium release in cardiac cells [ 27 ]. For male fertility, zinc levels are high in the testes, and zinc transporters are expressed in different regions of the epididymis [ 28, 29 ]. Further, zinc deficiency is correlated with decreased male fertility [ 30, 31 ].Impact on Male Fertility— Marijuana, consisting of dried leaves and flowers from the marijuana plant (Cannabis sativa), is smoked to release the psychoactive cannabinoid compound called delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC).In the 1990s, it was found that cannabinoid compounds are also naturally synthesized by the human body from fatty …In the United States, according to data from the National Institutes of Health, approximately 11%of women and 9%of men have experienced some degree of fertility issues. While the c...Zinc plays a major role in male fertility. Without zinc, your body may not be strong enough for the job. Why is Zinc so Important? While having a zinc deficiency won’t necessarily …Benefits of Zinc Supplementation. Zinc is an essential mineral that plays a crucial role in male reproductive health. Supplementation with zinc has been found to have several benefits for fertility and overall reproductive function. Numerous studies have shown that zinc supplementation can improve sperm quality and increase sperm count.Selenium is an important element for maintaining male fertility. Selenium deficiency leads to increased oxidative stress and has a negative effect on spermatogenesis . This element regulates spermatogenesis and is mainly mediated by two selenoproteins, which provide an important link with sperm quality and male fertility . It significantly ...ZnCl 2 dietary supplementation to both male and female rats at 30 mg/kg/day but not 15 or 7.5 mg/kg/day showed significant reduction in fertility, offspring viability, and body weight of F1 pups; however, it had no effect on litter size (male reprotoxicity alone was not observed) .Abstract. Many studies have reported that the contents of cigarette smoke negatively affect sperm parameters, seminal plasma, and various other fertility factors. Nevertheless, the actual effect of smoking on male fertility is not clear. The effect of smoking on semen parameters is based on the well-established biological finding that …The review of 68 studies revealed that female and male obesity/overweight increases the risk of sub-fecundity and infertility. The destructive effects of female obesity on reproduction are attributed to a variety of ovarian and extra-ovarian factors. In women with overweight or obesity, the time taken to conceive is longer, and they have a ...FAQs about Hot Tubs and Their Potential Impact on Male Fertility. Hot tubs have become popular oases of relaxation for many, but concerns often arise regarding their potential impact on male fertility. In this blog post, we aim to address frequently asked questions about hot tub usage and its potential implications for reproductive health.Pregnancy Complications. Beyond having a negative impact on fertility, tobacco use is also linked to an increase in pregnancy complications. Miscarriage, ectopic pregnancies, and pre-term labor rates are higher in both smokers and smokeless tobacco users, as are birth defect occurrences. The likelihood of having a baby with chromosomal defects ...Here, we explore how smoking might be causing infertility in men by summarizing current scientific research and introducing an innovative new fertility test that can provide some answers. 1. Smoking can decrease sperm count, morphology, and motility. Many couples trying to get pregnant want to know–“Does smoking cause infertility?”.Women tend to see their fertility drop off steeply in their late 30s and 40s, but for men, fertility lessens much more gradually, and from a later age. Male fertility generally starts to fall in their 40s and through their 50s. A French study found that women’s reproductive capability drops from age 35, but for men it’s only from about age 40.Watch this video to find out how to choose fertilizer to your lawn or other outdoor plants, and when is the best time to apply fertilizer to your yard. Expert Advice On Improving Y...The main question is whether COVID-19 has the potential to cause testicular damage and infertility in male patients. So far there is no definitive answer as a follow-up of reproductive function of recovered male patients is required. SARS-cov2 virus binds to ACE2 receptors and enter the cells to complete its replication cycle [ 2 ].In monkeys: no effects on male fertility at doses up to 10 times the clinical dose. No effect on semen parameters and gonadal steroids after 12 months of treatment (16 men). Possible transient haematological anomalies in infants born to mothers exposed to other anti-CD20 B-cell-depleting antibodies during pregnancy.The level of Zn in fertile men was 14.08± 2.01 and in the infertile group was 10.32±2.98 ( mg /100 ml) ( 6 ). There are many reports that showed reduction or …Abstract. The effects of diabetes mellitus include long-term damages, dysfunctions, and failures of various organs. An important complication of diabetes is the disturbance in the male reproductive system. Glucose metabolism is an important event in spermatogenesis. Moreover, glucose metabolism is also important for maintaining basic …Creatine, which may boost muscle development and performance, has long been a popular workout supplement. As with any dietary supplement, side effects and health implications are often questioned. The relationship between creatine and fertility has drawn attention. Though the research is scarce, the studies suggest creatine may be …Tikkiwal M, Ajmera RL, Mathur NK 1987 “Effect of zinc administration on seminal zinc and fertility of oligospermic males.” Indian journal of physiology and pharmacology 31: 30-34. 14. Wong WY, Merkus H, Thomas CMG, Menkveld R, Zielhuis GA, et al. 2002 “Effects of folic acid and zinc sulfate on male factor subfertility: a double-blind,Objective: The aim of this review was to determine whether selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) affect the ability to conceive in men and women of reproductive age, as well as to find out whether there are certain differencies between them in terms of effects on fertility.Methods: Our review was based on systematic search of literature in four …Jan 7, 2020 · Importance: Dietary supplements marketed for male fertility commonly contain folic acid and zinc based on limited prior evidence for improving semen quality. However, no large-scale trial has examined the efficacy of this therapy for improving semen quality or live birth. Watch this video to find out how to choose fertilizer to your lawn or other outdoor plants, and when is the best time to apply fertilizer to your yard. Expert Advice On Improving Y...Heavy metals are endocrine disruptors which interfere with processes mediated by endogenous hormones of the organism, negatively affecting endocrine functions. Some studies have correlated heavy metal exposure with male infertility. However, the number of studies conducted on humans are limited. Therefore, the aim of this study is to summarize ...

Print. Jelena Jojic Tomic/Stocksy United. Good oral hygiene doesn’t only make you more kissable—it also may make you more fertile. According to emerging research, dental health may impact how long it takes a woman to conceive. In men, gum disease and tooth decay have been linked to poor semen and sperm health.. Kitten korner rescue

does zyn affect male fertility

In contrast, Zn deficiency impedes spermatogenesis and is a reason for sperm abnormalities and has a negative effect on serum testosterone concentration. Based on these findings, Zn microelement is very essential for male fertility.Copper also affects the integral androgen distribution in terms of fertility on the line hypothalamic-pituitary-testis. Both copper increase and deficiency leads to a significant reduction in male fertility, which spans the entire spectrum of abnormalities at the sperm level, male gonad, production of hormones and distribution of micronutrients ...Jan 7, 2020 · The global dietary supplement market is projected to exceed $200 billion in the early 2020s. 1 In the United States, it was estimated that 45% of adult men used dietary supplements from 1999 to 2012, 2 and supplement use is common in men among couples trying to conceive. 3 Many formulations claim benefits for fertility ranging from sperm count and motility to libido and vitality. Accumulation of toxic heavy metals (lead, mercury, cadmium) in testicular tissue can also affect male fertility as does the low zinc level in sperm cells . Researchers from the University of Newcastle discovered three times more DNA damages in the spermatocytes of men aged 36-57 than in those younger than 35 . Lifestyle also affects male ...Infertility is an increasing problem that affects couples attempting pregnancy. A growing body of evidence points to a link between diet and female fertility. In fact, data show that a diet high in trans fats, refined carbohydrates, and added sugars can negatively affect fertility. Conversely, a diet based on the Mediterranean dietary patterns ...Based on these results, Burkman's research group is preparing to conduct the first study of nicotine's effect on specific sperm functions in semen samples taken from a group of male smokers who agree to stop smoking. Sperm samples will be collected before and after the men quit. The study is expected to get underway in June.Pregnancy Complications. Beyond having a negative impact on fertility, tobacco use is also linked to an increase in pregnancy complications. Miscarriage, ectopic pregnancies, and pre-term labor rates are higher in both smokers and smokeless tobacco users, as are birth defect occurrences. The likelihood of having a baby with chromosomal defects ...Here are ways to increase selenium for better sperm health: 1. Supplementation. One of the male fertility supplements you should take is Selenomethionine, the organic form of selenium. Selenomethionine is a good form of selenium for supplementation. 2.Where a male partner is a carrier of HIV, their semen sample must be washed before being used in any fertility treatment in order to get rid of potential virus particles. Where a female partner is a carrier of HIV, there is a risk of vertical transmission. This is where the HIV infection is transmitted by the mother to her baby during …Abstract. Thyroid hormones act on testis in multiple ways and exert their effect on different cell types, including Leydig and Sertoli cells, and germ cells. An excess or deficit of thyroid hormones results in alterations of testis function, including semen abnormalities. More frequently, hyperthyroidism has been associated with reduced semen ...Underlying these effects, elevated oxidative stress, DNA damage, and cell apoptosis may play important roles collaboratively in the overall effect of tobacco smoking on male fertility. In this review, we strive to focus on both the phenotype of and the molecular mechanism underlying these harmful effects, although current studies …Based on these findings, Zn microelement is very essential for male fertility. It could be considered as a nutrient marker with many potentials in prevention, diagnosis, and …Effects on Sperm Quality. Epididymitis, an inflammation of the epididymis, can have a significant impact on sperm quality, which in turn can affect male fertility. The epididymis is a small, coiled tube located at the back of the testicles where sperm mature and gain the ability to swim. When epididymitis occurs, it can disrupt this crucial ...A follow-up study of 35 healthy men found that there was an association between paroxetine use (for 5 weeks) and DNA fragmentation that would not have been detected with routine fertility screening. The authors suggested that changes to sperm DNA integrity might negatively affect men’s fertility but did not measure this directly. 12.

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