Castile (historical region) Castile or Castille ( / kæˈstiːl /; Spanish: Castilla [kasˈtiʎa]) is a territory of imprecise limits located in Spain. [1] The use of the concept of Castile relies on the assimilation (via a metonymy) of a 19th-century determinist geographical notion, that of Castile as Spain's centro mesetario ("tableland core ... Non-Spaniards sometimes affectionately refer to the Castillian "th" pronunciation of the "c" and "z" as a lisp. Most commonly, castellano and español both refer to the language of Cervantes, Borges, Lorca, and Vargas Llosa. However, in certain contexts, castellano is used to refer only to the language as spoken in Spain, and español to the ...The Treasury yield curve is the most inverted out of any developed country - spelling trouble ahead for US stocks, RBA said. Jump to Chaos in US markets means investors should buy ...Castilian Spanish refers to what is called Peninsular Spanish, and is the primary language spoken in Northern and Central Spain. Due to political reasons, in the 13th century King …Nowadays, “Castilian Spanish” can refer to: the official language of Spain, as a synonym of “Spanish”. the variety of Peninsular Spanish used in northern and central Spain as compared to other Spanish dialects such as Andalusian Spanish or Canarian Spanish. more loosely, and only in English, it can denote the Spanish spoken in the whole ...Puerto Rican Spanish is the variety of the Spanish language as characteristically spoken in Puerto Rico and by millions of people of Puerto Rican descent living in the United States and elsewhere. It belongs to the group of Caribbean Spanish variants and, as such, is largely derived from Canarian Spanish and Andalusian Spanish.Outside of Puerto Rico, …The Crown of Castile [nb 1] was a medieval polity in the Iberian Peninsula that formed in 1230 as a result of the third and definitive union of the crowns and, some decades later, the parliaments of the kingdoms of Castile and León upon the accession of the then Castilian king, Ferdinand III, to the vacant Leonese throne.Dec 20, 2021 · But, before we dive into describing what these languages are, here are the names of the languages of Spain. Castilian. Galician. Basque. Catalan. Aranese/Occitan. These are the five official languages of Spain. Now, although they have different names, they all have similar roots. The Infantes of Aragon. The Infantes of Aragon are the brothers and sisters of king Alfons V of Aragon, cousins of king Juan II of Castile, of the Trastámara dynasty. Their influence and ambitions in Castilian politics have been a constant for a quarter of a century, now reaching a new critical and turning point.16 Dec 2016 ... What is the official language of Spain? It's not just “Spanish”! · In several regions in Spain people speak different languages · The Castilian,&n...Suicide Bomber History - Suicide bomber history is a term related to suicide bombers. Learn about suicide bomber history in this section. Advertisement Jihad washed across the Midd...21 Aug 2022 ... 392 Likes, TikTok video from Spanishblueprints (@spanishblueprints): “How to practice the Castilian accent #spain #learnspanish ...22 Oct 2019 ... One of the most distinctive differences is the pronunciation. In Castilian Spanish, the 'z' and 'c' (before 'i' and 'e') are pronoun...In Castilian Spanish, the object pronoun for vosotros when used as a direct object, indirect object or reflexive pronoun is os. When using os as a direct object or indirect object pronoun, it can be placed both as a separate word before the verb or joined to the end of the verb.Some of the most popular vacations during the pandemic have been cozy cabin stays in the wilderness. These rural-style vacations have been popular due to their relative safety comp... Formally speaking, the national language of Spain, the official Spanish language, is the Castilian language (as opposed to the regional languages of Spain, such as Galician, Catalan, Asturleonese, and Basque ). As such both names, español and castellano, have distinct and independent meanings that may be required for clarity in some specific ... Some of the most popular vacations during the pandemic have been cozy cabin stays in the wilderness. These rural-style vacations have been popular due to their relative safety comp...ments on the Castilian Cortes of 1576. The volume appeared as a supplement to the previously published Volume v of the Actas de las Cortes de Castilla.1 The publication was a remarkable achievement, although its value has not been appreciated. To compensate for the disappearance of the official minutes, or actas, for these Cortes,Castilian Spanish Accent: A Complicated Relationship With the Letter “S” Perhaps the most distinctive feature of the Castilian dialect is its treatment of “s” sounds. Indeed, to have a good Castilian Spanish accent, you’ll have to study …The local language of Catalonia is Catalan, which has Latin roots and sounds like a mixture of French and Castilian Spanish. Today, Catalan is the co-official language and is prevalent in schools, public addresses, and the media; although this was not always the case. Education.The History of Castilian: The history of how Castilian became the dominant language of Spain is a mosaic of different cultural and linguistic influences over centuries or siglos in Spanish. There have been influences affecting the languages of the Iberian Peninsula from the Roman Empire, Celts, Visigoths (a Germanic group) and the Muslim Moors ... Castilian or Castillian may refer to: Castile, a historic region of Iberian peninsula. Castilian people, an ethnic group from Castile. Castilian languages, a branch of the West Iberian languages consisting of all linguistic varieties descended from Old Latin. Spanish language, a Romance language that originated in Castile. Castilian Spanish from Madrid. While there are varieties within the country, the Spanish spoken in Madrid and in general in central and northern Spain is considered standard. More than 45 million people speak this version of Spanish, and it’s the most preferred dialect of Spanish taught in schools. Castilian Spanish refers to what is called Peninsular Spanish, and is the primary language spoken in Northern and Central Spain.Due to political reasons, in the 13th century King Alfonso X of Spain was a huge proponent of having historic documents translated into the dialect of Northern and Central Spain, with Castile being a part of this region. If you need to keep your gadgets powered up on the go, you'll need batteries—or better yet, an external battery pack. There are tons to choose from, but last week we asked you for ...Language Drops is a fun, visual language learning app. Learn Castilian Spanish free today. Are you wondering how to say "Shoe" in Castilian Spanish ? "Shoe" is the equivalent to El zapato in Castilian Spanish, and I’m pretty sure you’ve heard it many times before already. It’s also good to know, that Las botas means "Boots" in Castilian ...The display is malfunctioning only 16 months after being turned on. Denver International Airport likes to do things on a grand scale, from its mountaintop-like roof to the winterti...Castilian-Leonese Cheeses. View map. Most popular; Best rated; Alphabetically; By Location. 1. Cheese. Queso Zamorano. Province of Zamora, Spain. 4.3. Queso Zamorano is a cheese made from the milk of Churra and Castellana sheep breeds in the province of Zamora, in Castilla y León. It has a characteristic herringbone pattern imprinted on the ...Castile soap is so called because it was produced on a large scale in the territories of the Crown of Castile, from where it was exported to numerous places in Europe, mainly during the Modern Age. Although the Crown of Castile was not the only producer of this type of soap, it was its producer par excellence.Language Drops is a fun, visual language learning app. Learn Castilian Spanish free today. Are you wondering how to say "Shoe" in Castilian Spanish ? "Shoe" is the equivalent to El zapato in Castilian Spanish, and I’m pretty sure you’ve heard it many times before already. It’s also good to know, that Las botas means "Boots" in Castilian ...The benefits of elite status with Wyndham are many. Here's how to fast track your way to top elite status with the Wyndham Rewards program. We may be compensated when you click on ...Key Takeaways. Spanish is sometimes known as Castilian because the language emerged from Latin in the Castile area of Spain. …Spanish or Castilian (castellano) is a Romance language of the Indo-European language family that evolved from the Vulgar Latin spoken on the Iberian Peninsula of Europe. Today, it is a global language with about 500 million native speakers, mainly in the Americas and Spain, and about 600 million when including speakers as a second language.Hindi धन्यवाद. Tagalog salamat. Vietnamese cảm ơn. Esperanto dankon. Dutch bedankt. Icelandic takk fyrir. Indonesian terima kasih. British English thank you. Mexican Spanish gracias.Calculate how much you'll pay in property taxes on your home, given your location and assessed home value. Compare your rate to the Ohio and U.S. average. Property tax rates in Ohi...In Castilian Spanish, the object pronoun for vosotros when used as a direct object, indirect object or reflexive pronoun is os. When using os as a direct object or indirect object pronoun, it can be placed both as a separate word before the verb or joined to the end of the verb.Castilian Spanish is the oldest dialect of the language, and all other variations of Spanish emerged from it. Over its existence, many unique aspects of the accent have … Latin American vs. Castilian Spanish: The disconnect between Learners of Spanish and Native Speakers I think there is a huge disconnect between what we learn about Latin American Spanish and Spain Spanish, how native Spanish speakers actually speak, and how native speakers actually perceive the accent/dialect that a learner adopts. Learn more words like "las grasas" with the app. Are you wondering how to say "Fats" in Castilian Spanish ? "Fats" is the equivalent to Las grasas in Castilian Spanish, and I’m pretty sure you’ve heard it many times before already. It’s also good to know, that El peso means "Weight" in Castilian Spanish, as well as "Vitamins" is Las ...Castilian, or Castellano, is the old Spanish name for...well...Spanish. This is because the language we call Spanish today originated in the old kingdom of Castille which was one …Get ratings and reviews for the top 11 gutter guard companies in Carrboro, NC. Helping you find the best gutter guard companies for the job. Expert Advice On Improving Your Home Al...History. In the early 19th century, it was known locally as Bledsoe's Lick, and was the location of Bledsoe's Station, a fortified trading post.As of the 2010 census, its population was 556.. Native American history. During the Mississippian culture period of prehistory, the Castalian Springs Mound Site was a major local earthwork mound center, built and occupied from about 950 into …Mexican Spanish (Spanish: español mexicano) is the variety of dialects and sociolects of the Spanish language spoken in the United Mexican States. Mexico has the largest number of Spanish speakers, more than double any other country in the world. Spanish is spoken by over 99% of the population, being the mother tongue of 93.8%, and the second language … Firstly, Castilian Spanish is considered a standardised type of Spanish language. Secondly, it refers to a particularly pure-sounding Spanish accent. If we say that someone is speaking Castilian Spanish, it is the equivalent of saying that an English person is speaking ‘Oxford English’. In other words, the language is being spoken in its ... Castilian Spanish is the true Spanish. It’s exactly pronounced as it’s written, sounds are clear and neat. Any speaking Spanish person from anywhere in the world can easily understand a Castilian Spanish person but not the other way around. All the varieties of Spanish come from Castilian Spanish. ReplyCastilian Spanish is the variety of Spanish spoken in north and central Spain. In Spanish, it’s known as castellano and it is the Spanish used in tv and radio in Spain. In addition to differences in vocabulary, pronunciation is one of the key features that distinguishes Castilian Spanish from the dialects of Spanish spoken in Latin America.The conflict between Castilian Spain and Catalonia can be dated to the first Catalonian rebellion against Spanish rule in the mid-17 th century and then traced through the rise of Catalonian nationalism in the 19 th and 20 th centuries. The conflict between their languages, Castilian Spanish and Catalan, can be classified contemporarily as a ... Latin American vs. Castilian Spanish: The disconnect between Learners of Spanish and Native Speakers I think there is a huge disconnect between what we learn about Latin American Spanish and Spain Spanish, how native Spanish speakers actually speak, and how native speakers actually perceive the accent/dialect that a learner adopts. OUR BRANDSSpanish Is Sometimes Called Castilian . To the people who speak it, Spanish is sometimes called español and sometimes castellano (the Spanish equivalent of "Castilian"). The labels used vary regionally and sometimes according to political viewpoint. Although English speakers sometimes use "Castilian" to refer to the Spanish of Spain as …Considering not drinking this month? Here are some tips to make it easier—perhaps even fun. A few years ago, I decided to do Dry January for the first time. I had several good reas...Also referred to as Castilian, it is a Romance language with origins in the Castile region of Spain. Two major speeches influenced the creation of Spanish: the Medieval Romance language of the Kingdom of Castile and the Mozarabic dialect of the Muslim Kingdom of Toledo. As the Spanish Empire spread across the world in the 16th century, so too ...Cuban Spanish is the variety of the Spanish language as it is spoken in Cuba.As a Caribbean variety of Spanish, Cuban Spanish shares a number of features with nearby varieties, including coda weakening and neutralization, non-inversion of Wh-questions, and a lower rate of dropping of subject pronouns compared to other Spanish varieties. As a …The Castilian Spanish, which derived from Latin, played an important role in opposition to the Arabic language of the Moors. Then, in the 13th century, scribes gathered by the King Alfonso el Sabio (Alfonso the Wise) were used to document the region’s progress in different areas and to translate classical Latin literature into Spanish.Castilian Spanish, often simply referred to as Spanish, is the most widespread Spanish dialect both in Spain and globally. Its roots trace back to the historical Castile region, from where it blossomed into the primary conduit of Spanish language and culture worldwide.The Castilian countryside is a land of doves, pigeons and other game. Logically this is reflected in its gastronomy by such dishes as pigeon stuffed with the boletus wild mushroom and roasted or doused in wine, the excellent partridges cooked Segovian style, the quails in breadcrumbs or the rabbit in garlic sauce. ...Heraldry of Castile. The heraldic castle of Castile in homage to Queen Blanche ( Sainte-Chapelle, Paris) The coat of arms of Castile was the heraldic emblem of its monarchs. Historian Michel Pastoureau says that the original purpose of heraldic emblems and seals was to facilitate the exercise of power and the identification of the ruler, due to ...Key Takeaways. Spanish is sometimes known as Castilian because the language emerged from Latin in the Castile area of Spain. …Spanish spoken in Spain. Spanish (Spanish: español, pronounced "Eh-span-yole", IPA: /espaɲol/), also called Castilian, is a Romance language. It is the most spoken Romance language in the world. As of December 2021, over 489 million people in the world spoke Spanish as their first language. [1]Castilian Spanish refers to what is called Peninsular Spanish, and is the primary language spoken in Northern and Central Spain.Due to political reasons, in the 13th century King Alfonso X of Spain was a huge proponent of having historic documents translated into the dialect of Northern and Central Spain, with Castile being a part of this region. . This … In fact, most of the time it isn't written in Spanish at all! Even though in places like the metro most signs are written in both Catalan and Castilian (the original name for Spanish), often only Catalan is used. This is because Barcelona is in Cataluña, one of the 17 autonomous communities in Spain (defined regions with their own devolved ... Feb 23, 2024 · 8 Ways Castilian and Latin American Spanish Are Different 1. Modes of Address: Use of Ustedes vs Vosotros. In Spanish, there are officially five different ways in which you can address people. There are the three singular forms tú, vos and usted, which correspond to the English “you.” These each have varying degrees of formality. Nowadays, “Castilian Spanish” can refer to: the official language of Spain, as a synonym of “Spanish”. the variety of Peninsular Spanish used in northern and central Spain as compared to other Spanish dialects such as Andalusian Spanish or Canarian Spanish. more loosely, and only in English, it can denote the Spanish spoken in the whole ...Spain is a state split into autonomous communities, three of which—Catalonia, Galicia, and Basque Country—are denominated historic communities, having their own languages that coexist co-officially with Castilian, the official language of Spain. All the autonomous communities in Spain have their Statutes of Autonomy, the …Spanish is the most-widely spoken language in Ecuador, though great variations are present depending on several factors, the most important one being the geographical region where it is spoken. The three main regional variants are: Additionally to the characteristics described below, Ecuadorian Spanish shares many characteristics that are ...Language Drops is a fun, visual language learning app. Learn Castilian Spanish free today. Are you wondering how to say "Truck" in Castilian Spanish ? "Truck" is the equivalent to El camión in Castilian Spanish, and I’m pretty sure you’ve heard it many times before already. It’s also good to know, that El tren means "Train" in Castilian ... 7 • RITES OF PASSAGE. Baptism, first communion, marriage, and military service are rites of passage for Castilians, as they are for most Spaniards. The first three of these events are the occasion, in most cases, for big and expensive social gatherings in which the family shows its generosity and economic status. A lisp is the mispronunciation of the sibilant s sound. In Castilian Spanish, the sibilant s sound exists and is represented by the letter s. The ceceo comes in to represent the sounds made by the letters z and c followed by i or e . "In medieval Castilian there were two sounds that eventually evolved into the ceceo, the ç (the cedilla) as in ... Castilian peasants living on lands known as behetrías were free to choose their lord and to change their allegiance whenever they wished, but their right to do so was challenged in the 13th century. Life on the frontier attracted many peasants because, while it exposed them to risk and adventure, it also promised freedom. Shares of KAVL stock are soaring after Bidi Vapor received a judicial stay for its ENDS products. What's next for the vape company? Bidi Vapor recently received a judicial stay Wha...Anyway, most of the resources are oriented to a more neutral Spanish (because USA is near south American Spanish speaking countries) So watching videos and listening to streams would be the easiest way of “learning castilian spanish” even though its the same language. Dreaming Spanish, tons of videos to watch.Isagani was one of the members of the student organization attempting to establish the Castilian Academy. The adopted nephew of Padre Florentino, he joined the other students in their efforts to establish the academy, becoming entangled with the group's affairs alongside his close friend Basilio. Isagani was an orphan taken in by Padre Florentino, …Here's how life went from normal to being under a nationally mandated house arrest in a mere week. Last week, I went for a walk on the beach and shopped for workout clothes -- stan...The Castilian Spanish, which derived from Latin, played an important role in opposition to the Arabic language of the Moors. Then, in the 13th century, scribes gathered by the King Alfonso el Sabio (Alfonso the Wise) were used to document the region’s progress in different areas and to translate classical Latin literature into Spanish.Castile soap gets its name from the Castilian region of Spain, where it was first created thousands of years ago. "Prior to Castile soap, soap was always made with animal fats," green living expert Lisa Bronner (yes, of Dr. Bronner's fame) tells mindbodygreen. The legend goes that it was Spanish Monastics who first swapped …Cuban Spanish is the variety of the Spanish language as it is spoken in Cuba.As a Caribbean variety of Spanish, Cuban Spanish shares a number of features with nearby varieties, including coda weakening and neutralization, non-inversion of Wh-questions, and a lower rate of dropping of subject pronouns compared to other Spanish varieties. As a …In Castilian Spanish, the object pronoun for vosotros when used as a direct object, indirect object or reflexive pronoun is os. When using os as a direct object or indirect object pronoun, it can be placed both as a separate word before the verb or joined to the end of the verb.Feb 22, 2024 · Castilian Spanish, often simply referred to as Spanish, is the most widespread Spanish dialect both in Spain and globally. Its roots trace back to the historical Castile region, from where it blossomed into the primary conduit of Spanish language and culture worldwide. Castilian-Leonese Cheeses. View map. Most popular; Best rated; Alphabetically; By Location. 1. Cheese. Queso Zamorano. Province of Zamora, Spain. 4.3. Queso Zamorano is a cheese made from the milk of Churra and Castellana sheep breeds in the province of Zamora, in Castilla y León. It has a characteristic herringbone pattern imprinted on the ...Castilians (Spanish: castellanos) are the inhabitants of the historical region of Castile. However, the region's exact limits are disputed. Two possible interpretations of the …Castilians. LOCATION: Central Spain. POPULATION: Approximately 11 million. LANGUAGE: Castilian Spanish. RELIGION: Roman Catholic. INTRODUCTION. …2 Nov 2020 ... Castilian Spanish was further popularized by the narrative poems spread orally about Castilian heroes in battle. These were recited even in ...Feb 15, 2023 · The amazing thing about castile soap is that it can be used for many things. "Castile soap can be effectively used for cleansing the body and hair—but can also be used as an all-purpose cleanser for household cleaning, washing clothing, and cleansing makeup brushes and sponges," says Dobos. "That being said, castile soap needs to be diluted ... Most of the time, Castilian and Latin American Spanish are mutually communicable and there often isn’t too much difference between the two languages. However, in some situations it can be key to know the changes in structure, phrasing and vocabulary to make sure you’re understood by native speakers. So, we’ve put together a …Castilian Recipes (Castilla & Leon) 1. Arroz a la zamorana – Zamora-style rice. Arroz a la zamorana is a typical rice dish of Zamora. However, it is a different rice dish from others as it is packed with pork meat and uses different pig parts. The ingredients to prepare arroz a la zamorana are pig ear, pig trotter, pork loin, Serrano ham ...Castile soap gets its name from the Castilian region of Spain, where it was first created thousands of years ago. "Prior to Castile soap, soap was always made with animal fats," green living expert Lisa Bronner (yes, of Dr. Bronner's fame) tells mindbodygreen. The legend goes that it was Spanish Monastics who first swapped …Castilian Spanish Literature. Miguel de Cervantes is perhaps the most famous and influential Spanish writer out there. You probably know him for his magnum opus, Don Quijote de la Mancha.This book is a great way to learn Castilian Spanish; but it’s difficulty level means only advanced Spanish speakers will get all of the benefits from reading it.The Infantes of Aragon. The Infantes of Aragon are the brothers and sisters of king Alfons V of Aragon, cousins of king Juan II of Castile, of the Trastámara dynasty. Their influence and ambitions in Castilian politics have been a constant for a quarter of a century, now reaching a new critical and turning point.The languages spoken in Spain include: Spanish.Official throughout the country, it is spoken by the majority of the population. Catalan, co-official in Catalonia, the Valencian Community and the Balearic Islands.Catalan is also spoken in the eastern strip of the Aragon region and in the Carche area of the Region of Murcia.It is known as Valencian in the Valencian …Most of the time, Castilian and Latin American Spanish are mutually communicable and there often isn’t too much difference between the two languages. However, in some situations it can be key to know the changes in structure, phrasing and vocabulary to make sure you’re understood by native speakers. So, we’ve put together a …If you think that Spanish or Castilian is the language of Spain, you're only partly right. True, Spanish is the national language and the only language you can use if you want to be understood almost everywhere. But Spain also has three other officially recognized languages, and language use continues to be a hot political issue in parts of …
Firstly, Castilian Spanish is considered a standardised type of Spanish language. Secondly, it refers to a particularly pure-sounding Spanish accent. If we say that someone is speaking Castilian Spanish, it is the equivalent of saying that an English person is speaking ‘Oxford English’. In other words, the language is being spoken in its ... . Thruve market
Castilian Spanish, often simply referred to as Spanish, is the most widespread Spanish dialect both in Spain and globally. Its roots trace back to the historical Castile region, from where it blossomed into the primary conduit of Spanish language and culture worldwide.Spanish is the most-widely spoken language in Ecuador, though great variations are present depending on several factors, the most important one being the geographical region where it is spoken. The three main regional variants are: Additionally to the characteristics described below, Ecuadorian Spanish shares many characteristics that are ...Dec 12, 2019 · Personal Sign. For a third time, Juan Diego was ushered in to see the bishop with a sign that the apparitions were real — Castilian roses! That alone was a miraculous sign since they did not ... Castilian Spanish, often simply referred to as Spanish, is the most widespread Spanish dialect both in Spain and globally. Its roots trace back to the historical Castile region, from where it blossomed into the primary conduit of Spanish language and culture worldwide.Castilian Spanish is variation of the language spoken only in certain parts of Spain. Click here to get a quick history of this dialect.Aug 13, 2021 · Published on August 13, 2021 / Updated on January 8, 2024. Facebook. Post. Spanish and Catalan are both spoken in Spain but are not the same language. Here are the differences and similarities. Castile and León is an autonomous community in northwestern Spain.It was created in 1983 by the merging of the provinces of the historic region of León: León, Zamora and Salamanca with those of Old Castile (Castilla la Vieja): Ávila, Burgos, Palencia, Segovia, Soria and Valladolid.The provinces of Santander and Logroño, which until then had been included in the Old Castile …The word español—which is Castilian for Spanish—comes from the Provençal espaignol, which in turn comes from the Medieval Latin term "hispaniolus", meaning Hispania, the Roman name for Spain. There is evidence that the adjective "español" to describe the residents of Hispania first appeared in written texts as "espaignol" in Provence in ...Origins Castilian 'lisp' A persistent urban legend claims that the prevalence of the sound /θ/ in Spanish can be traced to a Spanish king who spoke with a lisp, whose pronunciation spread via prestige borrowing to the rest of the population. This myth has been discredited by scholars. Lundeberg (1947) traces the origins of the legend to a chronicle of Pero López de Ayala which … in Spanish. hablas castellano. do you speak Spanish. hablo un poco de castellano. I speak some Castilian. hablo muy poco castellano. I speak very little Castilian. hablo castellano. I speak Spanish. Published on August 13, 2021 / Updated on January 8, 2024. Facebook. Post. Spanish and Catalan are both spoken in Spain but are not the same language. Here are the differences and similarities.On the whole, American forms of Spanish are more musical and suave than the Castilian of Madrid, but it is remarkable how little deformation, or creolization, of the language has occurred. Judeo-Spanish is the continuation of an archaic form of Castilian, reflecting the state of the language before 16th-century standardization.The display is malfunctioning only 16 months after being turned on. Denver International Airport likes to do things on a grand scale, from its mountaintop-like roof to the winterti...Ichthyosis vulgaris is a skin disorder passed down through families that leads to dry, scaly skin. Ichthyosis vulgaris is a skin disorder passed down through families that leads to....